Minimally invasive spinal surgery involves percutaneous, mini-open or endoscopic approaches of the spine by using perioperative imaging methods. Advances in minimally invasive techniques, including percutaneous pedicle screw fixation and mini-open anterolateral retractor assisted approaches, improve surgical outcomes when applied properly, reducing blood loss, operative time, and postoperative pain. These approaches provide a theoretical advantage mainly by preserving the muscular and skeletal blood flow and innervation that have been lost in the muscle dissection phase of conventional open approaches. Therefore, these minimally invasive methods are increasingly used in patients with thoracolumbar fractures.