Orthopedics and traumatology specialists need flap surgery in the reconstruction of exposed vascular, nerve and tendon structures accompanying open fractures, bone and joint structures with impaired periosteal integrity, infections and skin necrosis caused by metal implants, as well as cutaneous fistula and bone segment excision caused by chronic infections and soft tissue and bone defects caused by oncological resections. Flap surgery may require one or more types of tissues, including skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle, and bone. Flap surgery can be performed in the first 48-72 hours (immediate) and >72 hours (delayed) depending on the time of defect occurrence. Flaps can be classified according to the type of vascular supply, tissue composition and mobilization methods. Prior to flap design and application, it is critical to evaluate the patient, assess and prepare the defect, and plan the donor site location and content selection. In the reconstruction of soft tissue and bone defects, the reconstruction ladder should be adhered to, and a customized treatment plan should be prepared for each patient. Preparedness for potential complications is crucial, and a B plan should always be in place.