In recent years, efforts are underway in order to improve and develop the residency training throughout the world and in our country, under the leadership of national and international profession organizations. These efforts in orthopaedics and traumatology residency training are carried out especially by the Turkish Orthopaedics and Traumatology Education Council and the Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. The main purpose of both organizations is to promote the education quality of the orthopaedics and traumatology residency training in Turkey. In this review, sample applications abroad and recent studies in our country were discussed with reference to high-participation resident survey which was performed by the Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology - Resident and Young Attendants Council.