In the non-athlete population, the most common reason for missing work is lumbar pain. In elite athletes, lumbar spine problems are among the most common causes of missing a competition. Paravertebral muscle strain is the most common cause of lumbar spine problems. Disc herniation, disc degeneration, and stress fractures may be diagnosed in elite athletes after repetitive trauma. Spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries can occur in the cervical region, especially in contact sports. Depending on the severity of the trauma, fractures, and fracture-dislocations may accompany. Although major injuries can be avoided with preventive measures, repetitive microtrauma is still underlying cause of spinal problems. The treatment of clinical disorders in elite athletes differs from the non-athlete population. Treatment approach should be determined according to the activity level and expectations of the athletes.