The inorganic structure of the bone consists of hydroxyapatite and the main elements are calcium and phosphate. By binding with collagen, hydroxyapatite forms both a very strong and flexible structural material and the bloodvessel rich, metabolically active and living bone tissue. The osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes constitute the cells of the bone other than the blood and stem cells in the bone marrow. Bioceramics are the main biomaterials that may replace the bone particulary in the diseases and injuries where autografts are inadequate. Calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate based bioceramics degrade more rapidly in body fluids compared to sintered hydroxyapatite, whereas most bioceramics are produced to be used in weight-bearing areas and are trying to be strengthened. Bioceramics can be used alone or in bone tissue as well as in local drug or active substance release and for carrying mesenchymal cells. Recent studies focus on developing biomaterials with characteristics similar to the natural bone by combining bioceramics with polymers. Ceramics that can be injected into bone and harden in the body have started to be used also in the repair of fractures. While there are different commercial products, they should be monitored for a long time to determine their superiority over each other. The products that can carry bone morphogenic proteins are used in clinical practice in non-union cases and to provide fusion in spinal surgery. Synthetic bone tissue products that can also be used for gene transfer are predicted to minimize the requirement for autografts in the near future.