When acute pain is not diagnosed early, the risk factors assessed promptly and treated effectively, it may progress into chronic pain. In many chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions, peripheral nociceptive input is necessary but not sufficient to explain the presence, duration and intensity of patients` pain. Environmental, genetic, psychosocial and neurophysiological factors are important determinants in chronic pain. Assessing the risk factors and defining mechanisms in pain chronification will guide us to develop preventive measures and effective treatment methods.