Back pain common in athletes may occur as repetitive micro-traumas, acute macro-trauma or combination of both. The incidence varies from 1 to 30%. Pathologies appearing in the lumbar region after the different loading mechanisms can be various. Most common causes in adult athletes were strain or sprain of muscles and ligaments. The reasons of low back pain in adolescent athletes are generally pathologies of the lumbar region, and often spondylolysis. Disc disease which occurs more frequently in adulthood can be successfully treated with medical treatment and physiotherapy combined. In the presence of neurological signs or no short-term improvement despite conservative treatment, surgical treatment may be deemed for professional athletes.